![]() We categorize these studies as those that examine associations between individual access to firearms and suicide rates and those that examine associations between the regional prevalence of firearms and suicide rates in census regions, states, and cities. However, because this line of scientific inquiry is so much more extensive than most of the other topics reviewed in these syntheses, we take a broader approach referencing noteworthy international studies and cross-sectional studies that were identified in our review. As we did for the policy discussions, we prioritize the evidence from studies that employ a quasi-experimental approach. Although the focus of that search was from 2003 forward, we highlight some highly cited articles published prior to 2003. Our literature review strategy was based on the comprehensive search outlined in the methodology description. In this essay, we examine the empirical evidence on the relationship between firearm availability (or prevalence) and suicide. However, if firearms are not available, a person might either not attempt to take his or her life or might do so using other means. If firearms are available to a person who is thinking about taking his or her life, the presence of firearms might be linked with a higher likelihood of suicide and higher regional suicide rates. Suicide attempts involving a firearm are more likely to result in death than attempts using any other means (Azrael and Miller, 2016). ![]() ![]() The risk of suicide is highest immediately after the purchase of a handgun, suggesting that some firearms are specifically purchased for the purpose of committing suicide. There is also cross-sectional, ecological association between gun ownership and overall risk of suicide, but this association is more modest than the association between gun ownership and gun suicide it is less consistently observed across time, place, and persons and the causal relation remains unclear. States, regions, and countries with higher rates of household gun ownership have higher rates of gun suicide. In 2004, the National Research Council (NRC) concluded: There are, however, theoretical or logical arguments for believing firearms elevate suicide risk that are sufficiently compelling that individuals and policymakers might reasonably choose to assume that gun availability does increase the risk of suicide. Once completed, click Save, then Close.Summary: Empirical research on the causal effects of firearm availability on the risk of suicide is consistent with the claim that firearms increase suicide risk, but this research cannot yet rule out some other explanations for observed associations between guns and suicide. ![]() Repeat as necessary for any additional races. Manual Start: If you prefer to manually start the gun trigger for one of the options above, you simply need to select the appropriate option, highlight the desired race/wave, and then click Start Race.You must use the date/time format shown when entering your gun times. ![]() Each Race: If you have multiple races within an event, you can start them at different times by using this option.Each Wave: If you are using wave starts, this option will allow you to set individual gun times for each wave.You must use the date/time format shown when entering your gun time. Entire Race: This option allows you to set a single gun time for every race within your event.Therefore, even if you will not be scoring your event based on a gun time, it is a good idea to go ahead and pre-set a gun time for your race(s). Acceptable start reads are determined by the gun time(s) you set. ![]()
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